Vedic Surya riding in a chariot drawn by seven horses.Sol Invictus depicted riding a quadriga on the reverse of a Roman coin.Greek Helios (or Apollo) riding in a chariot.The Trundholm sun chariot dates to the Nordic Bronze Age, more than 2,500 years earlier than the Norse myth, but is often associated with it. In Norse mythology, the chariot of the goddess Sól, drawn by Arvak and Alsvid.The reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European religion features a 'solar chariot' or 'sun chariot' with which the Sun traverses the sky. The concept of the 'solar chariot' is younger than that of the solar barge and is typically Indo-European, corresponding with the Indo-European expansion after the invention of the chariot in the 2nd millennium BC. Nordic Bronze Age petroglyphs, including those found in Tanumshede, often contain barges and sun crosses in different constellations.The Nebra sky disk, which is thought to show a depiction of a solar barge.In Egyptian myths of the afterlife, Ra rides in an underground channel from west to east every night so that he can rise in the east the next morning. The many early Egyptian goddesses that were seen as sun deities, and the later gods Ra and Horus were depicted as riding in a solar barge.Neolithic petroglyphs which are interpreted as depicting solar barges.Several Egyptian kings were buried with ships that may have been intended to symbolize the solar barque, including the Khufu ship that was buried at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The Neolithic concept of a "solar barge" (also "solar bark", "solar barque", "solar boat" and "sun boat", a mythological representation of the Sun riding in a boat) is found in the later myths of ancient Egypt, with Ra and Horus. A prominent example is the solar barque used by Ra in ancient Egyptian mythology.
The Sun was sometimes envisioned as traveling through the sky in a boat. Alfred Lyall delivered another attack on the same theory's assumption that tribal gods and heroes, such as those of Homer, were only reflections of the Sun myth by proving that the gods of certain Rajput clans were actual warriors who founded the clans a few centuries ago, and were the ancestors of the present chieftains. Littledale criticized the Sun myth theory, pointing out that by his own principles, Max Müller was himself only a solar myth. Through the study, Müller concluded that the Sun having many different names led to the creation of multiple solar deities and their mythologies that were passed down from one group to another. In the comparison, Müller saw the similarities between the names and used these etymological similarities to explain the similarities between their roles as deities. Using the Sanskrit names for deities as a base, he applied Grimm's law to names for similar deities from different Indo-European groups to compare their etymological relationships to one another. Of them, Müller believed Archaic Sanskrit was the closest to the language spoken by the Aryans. Müller's "solar mythology" was born from the study of Indo-European languages. The theories were the "solar mythology" of Alvin Boyd Kuhn and Max Müller, the tree worship of Mannhardt, and the totemism of J. Three theories exercised great influence on nineteenth and early twentieth century mythography. In Proto-Indo-European mythology the sun appears to be a multilayered figure manifested as a goddess but also perceived as the eye of the sky father Dyeus. In Germanic mythology, the solar deity is Sol in Vedic, Surya and in Greek, Helios (occasionally referred to as Titan) and (sometimes) as Apollo. Similarly, South American cultures have a tradition of Sun worship as with the Incan Inti. Mesopotamian Shamash played an important role during the Bronze Age, and "my Sun" was eventually used to address royalty. Other early Egyptian myths imply that the Sun is incorporated with the lioness Sekhmet at night and is reflected in her eyes or that the Sun is found within the cow Hathor during the night and reborn each morning as her son ( bull). Osiris became the divine heir to Atum's power on Earth and passed his divine authority to his son, Horus. Atum became Ra-Atum, the rays of the setting Sun.
As the Old Kingdom theocracy gained influence, early beliefs were incorporated into the expanding popularity of Ra and the Osiris- Horus mythology. Predynasty Egyptian beliefs attribute Atum as the Sun god and Horus as god of the sky and Sun. Ra, ancient Egyptian god of the sun and king of the gods
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